Biruni was one of the most accomplished scientists of the entire Middle Ages, and his interests extended to almost all branches of science. The total number of his works, mostly in Arabic, is 146, of which only 22 are extant. Approximately half of these writings are in the exact sciences. In addition to mathematics, astronomy, and astrology, he was accomplished in the fields of chronology, geography, pharmacology, and meteorology.
The Muslims played a principal role in the history of Spain. Their presence illuminated the Iberian Peninsula while the rest of Europe was engulfed in darkness. And so, Andalusia produced a great civilization far ahead and advanced than the rest of Europe.
Under their rule, Muslims made Spain a center for learning and knowledge. The Muslims were taught reading, writing, math, Arabic, Qur'an, and Hadith (Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH), and became leaders in math, science, medicine, astronomy, navigation, etc.
What is Khushu’? Khushu’ during Salah is misunderstood by some people as crying and weeping. Rather, it is the presence of the heart during an act of ‘Ibadah. When a person’s heart is fully occupied of what he says or hears, he is in a true state of Khushu’. The concept of Khushu’ in Salah is very essential.
1- It is a vital factor in making a person successful in this life and in later life.
“Indeed, the believers, who have Khushu’ in their Salah, are the winners.” [Noble Quran 23:1-2]
2-It is a contributing factor for the acceptance of Salah.
3- It is a way to gain more rewards from the Almighty Allah; the more the Khushu’ a person has, the more rewards he gets.
4- Without Khushu’ the heart cannot easily be purified.
